Chapter 7第七章
Government and Administration英国机构
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy， the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is
governed， in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government isnot based on a written constitution， the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statutelaw， common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.
联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂，英国不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。I.The Monarchy君主制
1.Elizabeth II， her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second， by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories， Queen， Head of the Commonwealth，Defender of the Faith.
伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。”
2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law， She is head of the executive， an integral part of the legislature，head of the judiciary， the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.
⼥王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是⾏政⾸脑，⽴法机构的组成部分，司法⾸脑，全国武装总司令，英国国教“⾄⾼⽆上”的领袖。她任命⾸相和重要的。对议会通过的法案给予御准。
3.The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch‘s power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchybegan after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
君主政体实际已⽆实权。它的权⼒受限于法律和议会。君主⽴宪制是从1688年的光荣⾰命后开始。III.Parliament议会
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary， not a federal， state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign， the House of Lords andthe House of Commons.
英国是集权国家，⽽不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。
2.The main functions of Parliament are： （1） to pass laws； （2） to provide， by voting for taxation， the means ofcarrying on the work of government； （3） to examine government Policy and administrations， including proposal forexpenditure； and （4） to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的主要作⽤是：（1）通过⽴法；（2）投票批准税为⼯作提供资⾦；（3）检查和⾏政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。
3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords isto bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words， the non-elected House is to actas a chamber of revision， complementing but not rivaling the elect House.
贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作⽤是⽤议员的丰富经验帮助⽴法。换⽽⾔之，⾮选举的上议院是修正议院，补充⽽⾮反对由选举产⽣的下议院。
4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament （MPs）。 It is inthe House of Commons that the ultimate authority.
下议院（平民院）由成⼈普选产⽣，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终⽴法权。
5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A generalElection must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.
英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选⼀名下议院议员。⼤选必须五年举⾏⼀次，但经常不到五年就进⾏⼀次选举。
6.Britain has a number of parties， but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and theLabour Party. Since 1945， either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins
sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointedPrime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition， with its ownleader and “shadow cabinet ”。 The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government anddebate with the Government.
英国有很多政党，但有两个主要的政党—保守党和⼯党。从1945年以来，两党⼀直轮流执政，在⼤选中获多数议席因⽽在下议院拥有多数⽀持者的政党组建，多数党领袖由君主任命为⾸相。获得第⼆多数议席的政党则正式成为“*”，有⾃⼰的领袖和影⼦内阁。*的⽬的是帮助制定，它可以经常给提出批评性的建议和修正议案。III.The Cabinet and Ministry内阁和内阁
1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet， is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informsthe Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under thechairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.
⾸相主持内阁，负责分配⼤⾂们的职能，在定期会见⼥王时向⼥王报告事务。内阁在 ⾸相的主持下，每周开会⼏⼩时，以决定在重⼤问题上的。
2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions； individual Ministers are responsible toParliament for the work of their department.
内阁的所有决定由⼤⾂集体向议会负责，各⼤⾂⼜为各⾃部门的⼯作向议会负责。IV.The Privy Council枢密院
1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King. So thePrivy Council was also called the King‘s Council in history. Today its role is largely formal， advising the sovereign toapprove certain government decrees.
枢密院原来是⾏政权⼒的源泉，给君主提供“私⼈”建议。它在历也称为国王议会。今天它的主要作⽤是礼节性的，如建议君主批准的法令。
2. Its membership is about 400， and includes all Cabinet ministers， the speaker of the House of Common and seniorBritish and Commonwealth statement.
它的主要成员有400⼈左右，包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的⾼级政治家等。V.Government Department and the Civil Service各部和公务员部
1. The principal Government department main includes： the Treasury， the House of office， the Foreign andCommonwealth office， the Ministry of Defense…
主要的部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。
2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruitedmainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involvechanges in departmental staff， There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.
⽂职⼈员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录⽤。公务员部门不属于任何政党，的变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。VI.Local Government地⽅部门
1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales： counties and the smaller districts. Now，England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.
英格兰和威尔⼠实⾏两级地⽅制—郡和⽐郡⼩的区。现在英格兰和威尔⼠分为53个郡，郡下分为369个区。2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.⼤伦敦被分为32个⾏政区。