1. 直接作主语：
1）眼见为实。 1.Seeing is believing.
2）天天做早操有益于健康。2.Doing morning exercises every day is good for health 3）吸烟不是好习惯。 3.Smoking is not a good habit 2. 用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型
1）你这么说真是太好了 It is very kind of you to say so.
2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了 It’s very foolish of him to say such things 3）我们学好英语是必要的 It is necessary for us to learn English well 4）你们学好英语语法并不难 It’s not difficult for you to learn well English grammar
Notice：注意it is +adj. +of +sb.+to do sth.
以及it is +adj. +for +sb.+to do sth. 的区别
下列动词只能带不定式作宾语 afford ,agree ,attempt, decide ,demand ,expect ,fail ,help, hope ,manage , offer,
plan, pretend, prepare, promise, refuse ,seem, tend , wish 不定式的省略
省to的不定式作宾补：宾补省to记11,一感二听三使役
五看一帮两均可,被动该to不能弃
feel,hear,listen to,have,let,make,see,look at,notice,observe,watch,help We often see them play football; They are often seen to play football He was made to stand outside for two hours
省to 不定式的固定句型 1, had better (not) do…
2,would rather do ...than do…
3, prefer to do ...rather than do… 4, cannot but do 不得不…必然… 5, cannot help but do ...不得不…
6,do nothing but do ...\\nothing to do but/except do 只能 只有 7,why (not )do ...
8, 当主语部分有do ，则表语可省to
9,当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个不定式带to 外其余的不加。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back . 注：如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加to To try and fail is better than not to try at all .
只能接动名词做宾语的情况
1）部分动词后面
finish; enjoy; admire; avoid; mind; practise; miss… 2）部分带to的词组
be / get/ become used to; look forward to; due to; devote…to…; object to; stick to; owing to; thanks to; be up to; get down to; pat attention to; belong to…
注意下列11种不同动词或句型的用法 2 在forget ,remember ,regret ,want ,need ,require ,try ,stop ,go on,mean 等动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义差别。
1 forget ,remember , regret +doing 动作已经发生+to do 动作未发生 2 want ,need ,require + doing 表被动= to be done 注：be worth doing = be worthy to be done 3 try doing 试着做 try to do 尽力做，想要做 4 stop doing 停止做某事，(先后是一件事).
stop to do 停下来做某事,(先后不是同一件事) 5 go on doing 继续敌某事，(先后 是同一件事 ) go on to do 接下来做某事，(先后不是同一件事) 6 mean doing 意味着做某事
mean to do 故意或想要做某事
7 can’t help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事 can’t help (to) do sth 无帮助、无助于做某事 8 only to do … 结果是…（出乎预料） only doing… 结果是… (必然是…)
9 prefer to do… rather than do … 宁愿 … 而不… prefer doing …to doing … would rather do … than do … would do … rather than do …
10 have nothing to do /do nothing but/except do …只好做（别无选择）
11在 begin , start , continue 等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大.但要注意
1）本身是-ing 形式时，其后要接不定式
2）如果表示主语有意识地开始做某事，多用动名词 3）主语是物多用不定式
4）其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关的，不用 v-ing 形式
know, realize, hate , love , understand , wonder , remember , forget
非谓语动词作表语 3
动名词作表语
1 对称原则，主语是动名词，表语一般也用动名词 Seeing is believing
2 动名词作表语表明主语的性质或内容（有时可与主语互换） My job is teaching you English \\ Teaching you English is my job. 不定式作表语
1)计划 趋势将要做的 She is to get married next week.
2)责任 义务必须做的 I’m to see you off at the airport tomorrow 3)祁使 命令不得不做的 You’re to stand here ,do you understand .
4)命运安排 注定做的 Disney met the mouse and he was to become a famous artist. 非谓语动词作定语 动名词作定语 表示被修饰词用途
drinking water ==the water that is (used )for drinking
drinking water , living room ,sitting room ,washing powder 分词作定语
表被修饰词的特点、特征.单个分词作定语前置，分词短语作定语，放在所修饰词之后。现在分词和过去分词的区别：时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
boiling water =the water that is boiling. fallen leaves, boiled water sleeping child =the child who is asleep a moving film, a moved girl There was a surprised look on her face at the news. 动词不定式作定语
1.后置表示将来
In the years to come, we will study harder and harder. This is the Hope Project School to be built next year.
2.当特定的谓语动词(有,需要,给,找,弄have, need, want, give, find, get)后的名词(或宾语)用不定式来修饰.
1. I have a lot of work to do . 2.I want to get something to read .
3.Do you need some water to drink? 4.Please give me a piece of paper to write on. 5.Let’s find a room to put those things in .
3.当名词有特定的定语,如形容词\\副词的最高级,序数词及next, only, right等,其后接不定式作定语
He is the first(student) to come and the last to leave. Where is the best place to meet ? We need the next room to hold corn. He is the only person to be fit for the job.
4.一些需要不定式作宾语的动词转化成的名词,agreement, attempt, decision, need, promise, plan, wish等,常用不定式来修饰. There is no need to send for a doctor . 注:(1)不及物动词或特殊用法,要加合适的介词.
They need a house to live in. There are many model bikes to choose from.
非谓语动词作补语 4
一、带to的不定式作宾补( a bright pace foul 一次聪明的速度犯规) A 在 allow, ask, advise, beg, command, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, hate invite like order permit prefer remind tell urge want ,wish等动词后,用带to的不定式作宾补 (1)I prefer you not to play all day long. (2)I’d like you to help me with my homework. (3) You’d better get more people to do the work.
二、表示见解\\看法的动词 + 宾语 + 带to的不定式(to be doing/ to have done…). 具有这种用法的动词有:believe, consider, declare,
discover, feel, find,guess, imagine, judge, suppose, think, understand 1, We found the rumor true. 2, I consider him to have done wrong. 3, I always imagine me to be a millionaire. 4, I felt him to be a spy 三、“短语动词 + 宾语 + 带to的不定式”
这类动词有arrange for, ask for, call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, wait for
You can not count on Tom to help you. Chairman Mao called on us to serve the people heart and soul.
分词短语作宾补
一.能带现在分词做宾补的动词有: have ,get ,keep ,set ,send ,leave, catch, hear ,listen to,feel , see , find ,look at ,watch ,observe ,notice My father had only two men working for him
Don’t have the horse running so fast ,It’s dangerous . Have you noticed the boy passing across the street ? 过去分词作宾补
二、能带过去分词作宾补的动词有make ,have ,get leave 及感官动词see ,watch ,look at ,find hear listen to ,feel 等. 宾语与补语的关系是被动含义时，用过去分词作宾补
I was surprised to see so many people seated at the back of the class. I have never heard this song sung so sweetly You’d better get your bike repaired at once
★主动语态
时态． 不定式 动名词 分词 一般时 to do doing doing 进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done having done having done
★被动语态
一般时 to be done being done done
进行时 being done 完成时 to have been done having been done having been done
非谓语动词作状语 5
（1）不定式做状语，表示原因,目的或结果。为了强调目的,可与in order to 或so as to 用。 1,I reached home only to find my old dog dead . 2, He got up early (in order)to catch the early bus . 3,To improve our English, we come here. 4, I’m so glad to see you.
5,They went to the railway station, only to be told that the train had left.注: (1)“only + 不定式”表示出乎预料的结果.
He went to the seaside only to be drowned (2)不定 式表结果常与下列结构连用.
A, so + adj/ adv + as(not) to do … (如此……以至于(没）… ) B, such + ( adj ) n + as (not)to do …(如此……以至于(不)… )
C, adj/adv + enough + to do … (足已到/能… … ) The girl is old enough to go to school. D, too + adj / adv + to do … (太… 以至于不能…) I’m too tired to go any further. 分词作状语 分词作状语可以表示时间，条件，原因，结果，伴随或方式 ，及成分。
分词作状语的首要条件是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词
1, Hearing the news ,he couldn’t help laughing .（时间）=when he heard the news, 2, Given enough time ,I can do it better （条件）=If I am given enough time, 3, Being ill ,he didn’t go to school （原因）=Because he was ill
4, The glass fell to the ground ,breaking into pieces. (结果）=so that it broke into pieces. 5, Our teacher came in ,followed by many students (伴随）=and he was followed by many students 6, Judging from his accent, he is from America. 7, Generally speaking, one must be confident.
★动名词时态、语态的用法
1. 动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作 ，（即是不明确过去，现在或将来的动作 ）或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作
We are interested in climbing mountains I prefer singing to dancing 2 如果强调动名词的完成时，要用完成形式
I regret having taken her advice. He was praised for having passed the exam . 3 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词的承受者，这个动名词要用被动形式 He entered the room without being seen
He remembered being taken to Beijing when he was a child
4 如果动名词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式 He is proud of having been sent to work in Tibet . Tom regretted not having been invited to the party.
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