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高考积极词汇易混词汇精讲100例(修正版)

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高考积极词汇易混词汇精讲100例(修正版)

(本版经过校正修订)

本篇的编写目的:浓缩教材精华,精编涵盖教材考点的要点和习题,使考生不花大量的时间也能掌握教材的精髓。

【高三教材要点】

1.attempt—try ,

attempt和try在表示试图,企图,设法时意思相近。

例如:The second question was so difficult I didn’t even attempt it.

第二个问题非常难,我连试都没试一下。

He attempted to leave,but was stopped. 他想离开,但被制止了。

He attempted to escape through a window. 他试图越窗逃走。

You should try it again and again. 你应该反复努力去做此事。

He tried to answer that question calmly. 他试图平静地去回答这个问题。

要注意的是attempt往往强调做难度较大的事,而且较try更为正式。

要注意以下几点:

(1)try to do sth.和try doing sth.的意思不同,try to do sth.的意思是“尽力做某事”、“设法做某事”。

例如:I am trying to finish the work in two weeks.我要设法在两周内完成这项工作。Try doing sth.的意思是“试着做某事,看看效果如何”。

例如:Try opening the window if you feel hot.如果你觉得热,那么就把窗户打开。(2)attempt to do sth.和attempt doing sth.均表示试图,企图,设法。

例如:I attempted walking along the rope.我尝试着走绳索。

(3)try用于考验和审判时不用attempt代替。

例如:This will try his courage. 这将考验他的勇气。

They tried him and sentenced him to twenty-five years in prison.

他们审判了他,并判他25年徒刑。

2.suitable,proper,fit

三个形容词均表示“适当的”、“适合的”。

Suitable 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。

例如:The film is suitable for children.My mother doesn’t like me wearing short skirts to church…she doesn’t think they’re suitable. ’

proper往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯可接受或适合。

例如:In those days it was considered not quite proper for young ladies to be seen talking to men in public.She was very proper。My grandmother—she’d never go out without wearing her hat and g1oves.

在那些日子里,年轻女子如果在公共场合和男子说话是被看作不适当的。我的祖母很正统如果没有戴帽子和手套。她决不出门。

fit指具有适合于某个目的,某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。

例如:She’s not fit for the level of responsi—bility she’s been given.

她并不适合赋予她的责任。

另外,fit还可以表示身体健康。

例如:I jog to keep fit. 我慢跑以保持健康。

suitable,proper均无此义。 ’

3.apply

注意apply以下用法:

(1)vi.申请:用于applyto sb.For sth.:

They apply to the government for financial help.他们向申请财政援助。

用于apply to do sth.:

Tim’s applied to join the police. Tim申请当。

(2)vt.&vi.适用,应用:

How will he apply this knowledge? 他怎样运用这知识? This rule can be applied to any case. 这条规则可适用于任何情况。

This rule doesn’t apply to children. 这条规则不适用于孩子.

4.as引导让步状语从句:

as可以引导让步从句的倒装句。as引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

Child as he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.

=Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing to do.

虽然只是孩子,他仍然知道什么是他该做的事。

注意:a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

(=Though he tries hard,he never seems…) 他虽尽了力,但工作总做的不尽人意。

5.come up with

come up with是短语动词,它的意思是:

(1)to think of or to suggest a plan or idea,a solution to a problem,or an answer to a question,即“想出,提出,得出”。

例如:A team of advertisers is hard at work trying to come up with a slogan for the product. 一个广告团队正努力工作,力图为这产品设计一个好的广告语。

Experts have failed to come up with an explanation of why the explosion happened. 专家仍无法解释爆炸的原因。

(2)to get or produce something which someone needs or which they have asked you for即“拿出”。

例如:Each member of the expedition needs to conle up with£3,000 to fund their trip. 这个探险队成员需要每人拿出3000镑用于他们的行程。

We need someone to create a new software program. Can Bob come up with the goods?(=create what we want) 我们需要有人开发一个新软件鲍伯能干这个活吗? 6.Focus 可用作名词。它的常见用法是:

(1)[c]焦点,焦距;

(2)[U](活动,事件的)焦点。作动词:焦点对准,集中于。搭配是focus on sb./sth.

例如:He focuses his anger on me. 他把他的怒气集中地发在我身上。

7.Concentrate “集中,集中注意力,专注”,常见用法:concentrate on sth./sb.

例如:I must concentrate on my new work. 我必须把注意力集中

到新工作上。

concentrate sb./sth.on sb./sth.

例如:We should concentrate all our efforts on solving the problem.

我们应该集中所有精力解决这个难题。

focus和concentrate都有“集中于”的意思。

Focus “把光线集中到一个焦点”,其他情况下,多用于引伸义。

例如:We must focus our attention on the main problem.

我们必须把注意力集中到主要问题上。

Concentrate “使集中到……”,宾语可以是具体的,也可以是抽象的东西。

例如:The enemy concentrated their attack on the right flank.

敌人把攻击的目标集中到右侧。

8.the first to reach the top…

此处to reach the top是动词不定式作定语。不定式作定语相当于一个定语从句,它修饰以下几类名词:

(1) 由动词派生或转化而来的名词,它们所对应的动词通常有不定式作宾语。

例如:Another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month.In his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal.

这类名词主要有:attempt,claim,decision,plan,promise,intention,need,resolution,tendency,wish,failure,threat等。

(2) 由可能与不定式搭配的形容词派生出来的名词。

例如:Her eagerness to learn a foreign language is obvious.

这类名词主要有:anxiety,patience,ability,willingness,ambition等。

(3)不定式作定语还可用来修饰代词something,anything,everything,nothing。

例如:She has everything to lose and nothing to gain.

(4)由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后常用不定式作定语。

例如:Jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class.

You're the last to undertake the blood test.

(5)不定式常作为定语修饰there be结构的真实主语。

例如:There is a big task to complete.

(6)有些抽象名词。主要有:reason,right,time,effort,chance,way等。

例如:the time to go to school,the way to get to the clinic,

the chance to win the game…

9.risk 可数名词、不可数名词,意思是“危险,风险,冒险”。

例如:There’s a high risk of another accident happening in this fog.

在这种大雾中,存在另一次事故发生的危险。

The risk(that)we might fail made as work twice as hard.

我们可能失败的危险使我们工作加倍努力。

如果后面接动词,要用动名词。

例如:It’s always a risk starting up a new business.开办新的事业是要冒险的。

risk也可以作动词,意思是“冒险”。它的搭配是risk sth./doing sth.

例如:He risked losing his house when his company went bankrupt.

他冒着公司破产时失去房子的危险。

10.adjust

adjust通常作及物动词。

(1)调整,调节。它的搭配是adjust sth.to sth.:

The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child.

桌椅能够调整到任何一个孩子的高度。

(2)适应。它的搭配是adjust to sth.:

They found it hard adjusting(themselves)to life in a new country.

他们发现很难适应一个新的国家的生活。

11.various,different,diverse

various的意思是“各种各样的,不同的”。

例如:They talked about various things.他们谈到各种各样的事情。

different的意思是“不同的,各种各样的”。

例如:This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday.

这辆车跟我昨天开的那辆车不同。

various只修饰复数名词;different可修饰单数或复数名词。various是从数量上说“各种各样的”,往往暗含有表面上不同,但实际上相似:

I cannot come for various reasons. 由于种种原因我不能来。(强调原因很多)

Various people spoke to me about it.好多人跟我谈过这件事。

different则强调完全不同:

Different trees bear different fruits.什么样的树结什么样的果。

diverse的意思是“变化多的,不同的”,强调形形色色,互不相同。

例如:There are diverse schools of thought. 有各种不同的学派。

12.in the view of…

in the view of sb.(也可以用in sb.’s view)的意思是“以……的名字”。

例如:I’ve come to collect my tickets—I reserved them by phone yesterday in the name of Tremin. 我来取票的。我是昨天在电话中以Tremin这个名字定的票。

In the name of sb./sth.(也可以用in sb.’s/sth.’s name)可以用于转义,其意思是“代表,以……的名义”。

例如:In old movies the police shouted“Open up in the name of

(=by the right of)the law”before they broke the door down.

在老电影中,闯开门之前总是喊:“开门以法律的名义”!

注意:by the name of sth.意思不同,它的意思是“叫做”。

例如:I’ve got to talk to a professor by the name of Bin Said.

我得跟一个名叫Bin Said的教授谈话。

13:accurate,exact

accurate单纯描述准确,这种准确是通过某种努力得到的。

例如:准确的数值。在进行那样的努力之前,人们对该数值是多少,几乎没有概念,也因此几乎没有同类的数值可以去比较。

exact作“精确”讲,但在描述准确的同时,也强调了“无误,与事实100%相符”。

这种强调实质上属于一种比较。而accurate不暗含着这样的比较。另外,还有一个相近的词precise,这个词强调精确度。

14.besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from

besides表示包括在内:Besides maths,he also studies physics and chemistry.

除了数学之外他还学习物理和化学。

(数学也学,物理,化学也学)except指不包括在内:

Everyone except me went to the conce~.除了我之外,大家都去听音乐会去了。

(我没有去听音乐会,其他人都去听音乐会去了)

用于疑问句和否定句时besides和except可交换使用:

No one knows his address besides/except me.除我之外没有人知道他的地址。

except for用于句首时与except同义:

Except for John.we told everyone the news.

We told everyone the news except John.

我已把这个消息告诉大家,但没告诉约翰。

except for不用于句首时,常表示除去的对象和所叙述的对象类别不同:

The bus is empty except for an old lady.

除了一个老太太之外,整个公共汽车是空的。(1ady和bus不同类)

apart from具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exept for,还可以表示without的意思。

例如:Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)

The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from hisuncle.(=except)

He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)

There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知。(=without)

excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后。例如:

Excepting his brother,they ale all right.

Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.

All of us.without excepting those who know more about the subject,should

study.

All my brothers come here every day,always excepting the youngest.

but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后,及all,none之后。例如:

The children go to school every day but sunday.

They are all gone but me.

You can get the book anywhere but here.

There is no one but me.

Who but George would do such a thing?

15.accomplish,complete,finish

accomplish强调一个过程的完成;也可指依靠努力达到一定目的,或取得一定的结果。常接task,aim,journey,voyage等名词。

例如:The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks.

探险队在五周内完成了航程。

complete比accomplish具体,可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词,指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成”,主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”。

例如:The building will be completed by the end of this month.

这座楼将于本月底建成。

表示”完成”时,complete和finish意思很相近,complete接名词作宾语,finish接名词或动词作宾语.complete的宾语可以是表示工作,课程一类的词,也可以是房屋,工厂、铁路、桥梁等表示具体工程的词。

例如:Why not complete your medical course? 为什么不读完你的医学课程?

They haven’t eompleted the house yet. 那房子还没有完工。

finish的宾语多用工作,学习这类表示活动的词:

I haven’t finished my homework. 我的家庭作业还没做完。

表示“使……完整”时,只用complete,不用finish。

例如:Just four more cups to buy and she’11 complete the tea set.

再买四个杯子,她那套茶具就齐整了。下列情况用finish:

(1)表示“结束,停止”时:The meeting should finish at four orclock.

会议应该在四点钟结束。

(2)表示“吃完”,“喝完”等:He finished his cigarette.他抽完了那支烟。

(3)表示竞赛的结果:He may not have won t11e race,but he did finish second.

他可能是没有赢得那场比赛,但他确实是得了个第二。

(4)用完力气:That football game has really finished me.

那场足球比赛真是使我筋疲力尽。

(5)用完:The ice cream's finished,can you get some more?

冰淇淋吃完了,你能再拿点来吗?

如果我们说finish a book时,常常是指读完一本书。

而complete a book时, 一般指写完一本书。

16.claim

claim主要有以下用法:

(1) 断言,声称。这时,后面接名词、动词不定式或that从句。

例如:All parties have claimed Success in yesterday’s elections.

所有政党都宣称在昨天的选举中获胜。

He claims to have met the President,but I don’t believe him.

他声言见过总统,但我不相信他的话。

The company claims(that)it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. 公司声称对河流污染没有责任。

(2)声称(获得权利),认领。

例如:The police said that if no one claims the watch,you can keep it.

说如果没有人认领这块表,你可以留下。

(3)要求,值得。

例如:Don’t forget to claim(for)your travelling experises after the interview. 面试后,不要忘记要求你的旅差费。

When my bike was stolen,I claimed on the insurance and got£150 back.

我的自行车被盗后,我要求保险公司赔偿,得到150英镑。

17.consequence,result

consequence和result都表示“结果”,consequence强调“后果”,往往指距离较远的,有时是间接的后果。

例如:Well,if you insist on eating so much,you’11 have to suffer/

take(=accept and deal with)the consequences!

如果你坚持吃这么多,你会招致严重后果。

result往往指直接结果。

例如:His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness.

他摔断了腿是粗枝大叶的直接结果。

另外。consequence往往指不好的后果。

例如:Not making a will can have serious consequences for the people you might wish to benefit。 不立遗嘱会使你想受益的人有严重后果。

as a consequence of…的意思是“由于……的后果”。

例如:Scientists think it unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill.

科学家认为石油泄漏不会造成任何物种的真正灭绝。

18.entire,whole,complete,total

entire有完整无缺的意味,比whole语气强,凡破损、残缺、破坏了的东面都不能再entire,一般情况下entire和whole可以互相交换使用:

The entire/whole province was hit by floods.全省都遭水灾。

They have the support of the entire/whole population.

他们得到了全体人民的支持。

但修饰抽象名词时要用entire。

例如:I have entire confidence in you.我对你充分信任。

此处不可用whole。complete表示except me went to the concert.

除了我之外,大家都去听音乐会去了。(我没有去听音乐会,其他人都去听音乐会去了)

用于疑问句和否定句时,besides和except可交换使用:

No one knows his address besides/except me. 除我之外没有人知道他的地址。

except for用于句首时与except同义:

Except for John,we told everyone the news.We told everyone the news except John. 我已把这个消息告诉大家,但没告诉约翰。

except for不用于句首时,常表示除去的对象和所叙述的对象类别不同:

The bus is empty except for an old lady.

除了一个老太太之外,整个公共汽车是空的。(1ady和bus不同类)

apart from具有多重意义,既可表示besides,也可以表示except或except for,还可以表示without的意思。

例如:Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)

The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)

He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)

There can be no knowledge apart from practice.实践出真知。(=without)

excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后。例如:Excepting his brother,they ale all right.

Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.

All of us.without excepting those who know more about

the subject,should study.

All my brothers come here every day,always excepting the youngest.

but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后,及all,none之后。

例如:The children go to school every day but sunday.

They are all gone but me.

You can get the book anywhere but here.

There is no one but me.

Who but George would do such a thing?

19.influence,affect

affect和influence都有“影响”的意思。affect是指作用于人的感情。

例如:The adverse criticism the book received didn’t affect the author one way or another. 对这本书的敌对性评论丝毫没有影响该作家。

influence是通过说服或以身作则间接地使他人改变行动或想法。inluence多指影响无形的事物。

例如:influence public opinion 影响。affect多指影响具体事务。

例如:affect a size of a crop 影响收成。

另外,influence可以接不定式作宾语补语。

例如:My father influenced me to accept the job.

我父亲影响我接受这项工作。affect不这样用。

20.tons of wheat is or are…

主语表示“度量”意义,而且是复数,这时如果它前面又有复数的数词修饰,作为一个整体看待,特别是当表语也有一个明确的整体概念或单数含义,动词则取单数形式。

例如:Twenty tons is its maximum weight. 20吨是它的最高重量。

Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk. 3品脱不足以使我醉。

Four bushels is a small quantity. 4蒲式耳是不大的量.

如果这类名词加介词,后再接名词作主语时,要注意动词的数。通常认为下面例句动词只能取复数,不能取单数。

例如:Three hundred tons of coal are carried there. 三百吨煤被运往那里。

Two quarts of milk are needed. 需要2夸脱的牛奶。

There are three quarts of milk in the refrigerator.冰箱里有3夸脱牛奶。

A hundred gallons of oil were delivered. 交付了100加仑的油。

21.make for 可造成,有好处

例如:Poor service does not make for satisfied customers.

劣质服务不会使顾客满意。

Ironically,food rationing made for a healthier population.

有讽刺意味的是食物配给造就了更健康的人口。

Reports of the trial make for gruesome reading.审判报道成了令人厌恶的读物。

22.look out for carefully watch the people of things around you so that you will notice a particular person or thing,即“留意”。 例如:Remember to look out for Anna—she said she’d be there.

请留意安娜,她说她要来的。

look out for的另一个意思是take care of someone and do what will be best for them,即“尽力照顾”。

例如:I come from a large family and we all look out for each other. 我们是个大家庭,我们互相照顾。

Tom first looks out for himself.(=he only does what will be good for himself) 汤姆只顾自己。 23.appoint

appoint的意思是“任命,指定”,它的搭配是appoint to sb.as/to be sb.

例如:He was appointed as company director last year.

他去年被任命为公司负责人。

as/to be也可以省略。也可以用appoint sb.to do sth.

例如:The teacher appointed me to call the roll. 老师指定我点名。

24.involve

involve通常作及物动词。它的意思是:

(1)make (sth.)necessary as a condition or result,即“使(某事物)成

为必要条件或结果;需要”,用于此义时它的后面接名词、动名词或动名词复合结构。例如:The scheme involves computers. 这一设计离不开计算机。

The job involved me/my living in London.工作需要我住在伦敦。

(2) include or affect (sb./sth.)in its operation“包括,包含,牵涉,牵连(某

人、某事物])”,用于此义时它的后面接名词。

例如:The strike involved many people. 许多人参加了罢工。

A situation in which national security is involved.涉及的形势。

(3)(a)用于involve sb./sth.in(doing)sth.意思是Calls sb./sth.to take part in(an activity or a situation)使某人[某事物]参与某活动或陷入某情况。

例如:Don’t involve me in solving your problems!

你解决你的问题,不要把我拉进去!

(b)involve sb./sth.in sth.意思是bring sb./sth.into(a difficult situation)使某人[某事物]陷入(困境);involve sb.in expense,a lot of trouble使某人破费、招惹许多麻烦。

例如:He was involved in a heated argument.他参与了一场激烈的争论。

(c)involve sb.in sth.意思是show sb.to be concerned in(a crime,etc.)表明某人与(某罪行等)有关联。

The witness’s statement involves you in the robbery.

证人的证词表明你与劫案有涉。

它的过去分词involved常用作形容词,它的意思是:

(1) complicated in thought or form(思想或形式上)复杂的:an involved sentence,explanation,style of writing,etc.复杂的句子、解释、文体等

(2)(a)involved (in sth.)意思是concerned(with sth.)(与某事物)有关联的:

be/become/get involved in polities,criminal activities,etc.

与政治、犯罪活动等有关联

(b)involved(sth sb.)意思是(closely)c3nnected(with sb.)(与某人)有(密切)关系的:become emotionally involved with sb. 与某人感情缠绵。

例如:He sees her often but doesn’t want to get too involved.

他常与她来往,但不愿缱绻难分。

25.whatever,no matter what 注意whatever与no matter what的区别:

(1)no matter what只能引导让步状语从句,意思是“无论什么”,“不管什么”,但whatever既可引导让步状语从句,也可引导名词从句。

例如:Don’t trust him,no matter what he says.无论他说什么,都别信。 (让步状语从句)

Wherever you go,whatever you do,1 will be right here waiting for you.

无论你走到哪里,无论你做什么,我都会在此等待。 (让步状语从句)

Whatever you do,do it well.无论你做什么,都要把它做好。(让步状语从句)

(2)whatever连接代词引导名词从句:主语从句、宾语从句,意为“所……的事情”。例如:Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是对的。 (主语从句)

You can take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。 (宾语从句)

(3)whatever作连接形容词,意为“无论什么样的”。应当注意,此用法的whatever

必须同其被修饰的词一起放在从句前引导从句。

例如:I can do whatever work I can find. 我可以做我能找到的任何工作。

Whatever difficulties we meet,we can work them out.

无论遇到什么困难,我们都能解决它们。

26.deserve 作及物动词,不用于进行时态。它的意思是:

(1)be sth.or have done sth.for which one should receive(a reward,special treatment,etc.);be entitled to;merit应受奖赏、特殊待遇等;应得;值

例如:The article deserves careful study. 这篇文章值得仔细研究。

She deserves a reward for her efforts. 她积极努力,应得到奖赏。

He richly deserved all that happened to him.他得到这一切,受之无愧。

They deserve to be sent to prison. 他们应该入狱。

Much deserved praise 受之无愧的赞扬。

(2)用于成语deserve well/ill of sb.意为be worthy of good/bad treatment by sb.

应该受到某人好的[坏的]待遇。

例如:She deserves well of her employers. 她应当受到雇主善待。

27.adapt 作及物动词,用于:

(1)(a)adapt sth.(for sth.) 意思是make sth suitable for a new use,situation,etc.;modity sth.使某事物适合于新的用途、情况等;修改某事物。

例如:This machine has been specially adapted for use underwater. 这机器是为水下使用而特别改装的。

These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes. 这些式样均可改动以适应个人不同的爱好。

(b)adapt sth.(for sth.)(from sth.)意思是alter or modify(a text)for television,the stage,etc.(为电视,舞台等)改编或改写(稿本):

This novel has been adapted for radio(eg.translated and changed so that it can be presented on the radio)from the Russian original.

这部小说已由俄文原著改编成无线电广播节目(经翻译改写后于无线电中播放) (2)adapt(oneself)(to sth.)意为become adjusted to new conditions,etc.

适应(新环境等)

例如:Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。She adapted(herself)quickly to the new climate.她很快适应了这种新的气候。

28.kind,type,sort,category

kind 种类,指同种类的东西。

例如:fruit of various kinds/various kinds of fruit各种水果;

Do you want all the kind,or a mixture?您都要同一种的还是要什锦的?

Don’t trust him:I know his kind,(what sort of person he is).

别相信他,这种人我了解。

She’s not the kind(of woman/person)to lie.她不是那种爱撒谎的(女)人。

sort 种类,指大体相似的东西,有时用于贬义判断。

例如:He’s the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。

What sort of paint are you using? 你用的是哪种颜料?

We can’t approve of this sort of thing/these sorts of things/

things of this sort. 我们不能赞同这种事。

species 种类,指相同种类的生物。

例如:a species of antelope一种羚羊;various animal species各种动物;the

human species,(mankind)人类。在口语中,特别是有调侃口气时,也表示“种类;类型”。

例如:an odd species of writer古怪的作家。

type 种类,指不太明确类别的划分,有主观判断之意。

例如:different racial types不同人种;Which type of tea do you prefer?你喜欢哪种茶? All types of jobs/jobs of all types各种各样的工作;

A bungalow is/Bungalows are a type of house.小平房是房子中的一种类型。

它也指有代表性的人、物、事等,典型。

例如:I don’t think she’s the artistic type.我认为她不属艺术家那类的人。 not the type of party I enjoy 不是我喜欢的那种聚会 the old fashioned type of English gentlemen 旧式的英国绅士 just the type of situation to avoid 就是要防止这种情况 He’s true to type. 他就是他那类人的典型。 Category 种类,正式用语,指对材料或图书等进行分析而划分的种类。 例如:place things in categories 分门别类。 29.excuse

excuse可用作名词或动词,作名词常用于excuse(for sth./doing sth.)

理由;解释;辩护;辩解;藉口;道歉。

例如:He’s always making excuses for being late. 他迟到总是有藉口。

There’s no excuse for such behaviour.这种行为不可原谅。

He made his excuses(He apologized)and left the meeting.

他表示歉意后就离开了会场。

Please offer/give them my excuses. 请代我向他们致歉。

I can’t attend the meeting.Would you make my excuses(apologize and

give my reasons for not attending),please?

我不能参加会议,你能替我道歉并解释一下吗?

Those who are absent without(good)excuse(without giving a good

excuse)will be dismissed. 无故缺席者一律开除。

动词excuse常用于excuse sb./sth.(for sth./doing sth.),意思

是forgive or overlook(a fault,etc.);pardon sb./sth.

宽恕或饶恕(过失等);原谅某人[某事物]。

例如:Please excuse my late arrival. 请原谅我来晚了。

Excuse me for being late. 原谅我迟到了。

Excuse my interrupting you. 对不起,打断一下。

30.amount,number

a great number of 接可数名词复数。

例如:a great

number of books,a great number of workers…

huge amounts of 接不可数名词。

例如:huge amounts of money,huge amounts of ice.

31.appeal

appeal可用作名词或动词,作动词常用于:

(1)appeal to sb.(for sth.);appeal for sth.意思是make an earnest

request,恳求;呼吁。

例如:I am appealing on behalf of the famine victims.我代表饥民恳求援助。

The police appealed to the crowd not to panic.警方向群众呼吁不要惊慌。(2)appeal(to sb.)意思是be attractive or interesting(to sb.)

(对某人)有吸引力;(使某人)感兴趣。

例如:The idea of camping has never appealed(to me).

对露营这种想法(我)从来就不感兴趣。

Do these paintings appeal to you? 你对这些画感兴趣吗?

Her sense of humour appealed to him enormously.

她的幽默感把他强烈地吸引住了。

(3) appeal(to sth.)(against sth.)常用于法律,意思是:

take a question to a higher court where it can be heard again and a new decision given,(向上级)上诉。

例如:I’ve decided not to appeal.我决定不上诉。

She appealed to the higher court against her sentence.

她不服判决而向高等上诉。

(4) appeal (to sb.)(for/against sth.)意思是:

(in cricket)ask(the umpire)to declare a batsman out or to give some other decision (板球赛中)提请(裁判员)宣布击球员出局或作出其他裁判。

例如:The whole side appealed for a catch. 全队提请裁判员判接球得分。

The captain appealed against the light( the light was not good enough for the game to continue.

队长对光线提出异议(认为光线不好不宜继续比赛)。

appeal作名词常用于:

(1)(a)可数名词,appeal(to sb.)for sth.,意思是earnest request恳求;呼吁。例如:an appeal for help,food,extra staff恳求援助,食物,增添职员;

a charity appeal 慈善募捐呼吁。

(b)不可数名词,意思是request for help or sympathy吁请援助或同情。

例如:Her eyes held a look of silent appeal.她眼中流露着无声的求助神情。

(2)不可数名词,意思是attractiveness;interest吸引力;兴趣。

例如:Does jazz hold any appeal for you? 你对爵士乐有兴趣吗?

The new fashion soon lost its appeal. 那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。(3)可数名词,意思是act of appealing上诉。

例如:lodge an appeal 提出上诉have the right of appeal有上诉权

(4)可数名词,意思是(in cricket)act of asking the umpire for a decision

(板球赛中)提请裁判员裁判。

32.aware 形容词

(1)用作表语aware of sb./sth.;aware that…意思是having knowledge or realization of sb./sth.对某人[某事物]知道,明白,觉察到,意识到。 例如:aware of the risk,danger,threat,etc.觉察到风险,危险,威胁等 Are you aware ofthe time? 你知道是什么时候了吗?

It happened without my being aware of it.事情在我不知不觉中发生了。I'm(well)aware that very few jobs are available.

我(很)清楚工作职位非常少。

She became aware that something was burning.她发觉有东西烧着了。

I don’t think you’re aware(of)how much this means to me.

我想你还不知道这对我多么重要。

(2)用作定语,意思是well-informed;interested,esp.in current events

见闻广博的,感兴趣的(尤指对时事)。

例如:She’s always been a politically aware person.

她一直非常关心政治。

33.keep an eye out for…

keep an eye out(for sb./sill.)也可以用keep your eye open(for sb./sth.)是口语用法,意思是watch for sb./sth.;look out for sb./sth.

留心或注意某人[某事物]。

例如:I’ve lost my ring.Could you keep an eye out for it when you clean

the house? 我的戒指不见了。你打扫房子时能留点儿神吗?

34.the way后面的定语从句

以the way为先行词的定语从句常由in which,that引导,in which,that常可省略。

例如:

The way in which he answered the question was surprising.

The way that he answered the question was surprising.

The way he answered the question was surprising.

他回答问题的方式令人吃惊。

35.make sense

make sense通常有两个意思:

(a) have an understandable meaning 有意义;有道理;讲得通。

例如:What you said makes no sense. 你说的话没有道理。

These words are jumbled up and don’t make sense.这些词藻堆砌在一起讲不通。

(b) be sensible 明智的; 合情理的。

例如:It doesn’t make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones

are just as good. 这些便宜的大衣也很好,何必非买那件贵的不可。

It would make sense to leave early. 还是早点儿走好。

另外,make sense of sth understand sth.difficult or apparently meaningless的意思是“理解或弄懂困难的或似无法理解的事物”。

例如:Can you make sense of this poem? 你看得懂这首诗吗?

36.quit

quit作动词,它的过去式和过去分词是quit,但英国英语也作quitted,它用于:

(1) quit sth./doing sth.这是口语用法,意思是stop(sth./doing sth.)停

止(某事物[做某事物])。

例如:quit work for five minutes 停止工作五分钟

Quit fooling around! 别胡闹了!

(2) 开

在较为旧式的用法中,它的意思是go away from(a place);leave从(某处)离

例如:He got his present job when he quitted/quit the army.

他退伍后得到现在这份工作。

If I don’t get a pay rise I'll quit. 若不给我加薪,我就不干了。

I have received your notice to quit(to leave the accommodation I am renting). 我已收到你让我搬家的通知。

(3)它用于习语be quit of sb./sth.意思是be rid of sb./sth.;be released from the company or addition of sb./sth.

摆脱某人[某事物];脱离某人[某事物]。

例如:I’d like to be quit of the responsibility. 我很想摆脱这个责任。

You’re well quit of him(fortunate because he has left).

你可摆脱他了(很幸运,他已离去)。

37.1ose heart

lose heart的意思是stop believing that you can succeed,即“丧失信心”。

例如:Don’t lose heart,there’11 be plenty more chances for promotion.

不要失去信心,还有很多升职的机会。

注意,不要说lose his heart,lose the heart。

38.take it easy

take it easy也可以说take things easy意思是relax

and not use too much energy,即“别紧张”.

例如:I wasn’t feeling too good.So I thought I’d take it easy for a couple of days. 我觉得不舒服,我想我最好休息几天。

39.keep up,keep on

keep up常用来指(雨、雪、好天气等)持续不停。

例如:Let's hope the sunny weather keeps up for Saturday’s tennis match.

但愿星期六网球比赛时还是这样的好天气。

keep sb.up的意思是prevent sb.from going to bed 使某人不能去睡觉。

例如:I do hope we’re not keeping you up.我希望我们没有耽误你睡觉。

keep sb.up有以下意思:

(a) prevent sth.from falling down使某物不落下。

例如:weal a belt to keep one’s trousers up系腰带以系住裤子。

(b) cause sth.to remain at a high level使某事物处于高水平。

例如:The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.

原料费用昂贵使得产品价格居高不下。

(c) not allow(one’s spirits,strength,etc.)to decline;maintain

不让(精力等)衰退;维持;保持。

例如:They sang songs to keep their morale up. 他们唱歌以保持高昂的士气。(d)continue sth.at the same(usually.high)level

继续使某事物保持同样的(通常指高的)水平。

例如:The enemy kept up their bombardment day and night.

敌军一直日夜不停地狂轰滥炸。

We’re having difficulty keeping up our mortgage payments.

我们难以继续支付分期偿还的抵押贷款。

You’re all doing a splendid job;keep up the good work!

你们干得都很出色,要坚持下去!

(e)continue to practise or observe sth. 照旧做某事或遵守某事。

例如:keep up old customs,traditions,etc.沿袭古老的风俗、传统等

Do you still keep up your Spanish? 你仍在学西班牙语吗?

(f)maintain(a house,garden,etc.)in good condition by spending

money or energy on it 保养,维修(房屋、花园等)。

例如:The house is becoming too expensive for them to keep up.

他们的房子维修费用贵得越来越修不起了。

keep on常用来表示continue one’s journey 继续行进。

例如:Keep on past the church,the stadium is about half a mile further on.

一直向前走过了教堂,约莫半英里就是体育场。keep on(doing sth.)意思是continue(doing sth.)继续(做某事物)。

例如:The rain kept on all night. 雨彻夜不停。

She kept on working although she was tired.她虽疲劳,但仍继续工作。

keep sb.on意思是continue to employ sb. 继续雇用某人。

例如:He’s incompetent and not worth keeping on.他庸碌,不值得留用。keep sth.on常用来指:

(a)

continue to wear sth.继续穿戴某物。

例如:You don’t need to keep your hat on indoors.在室内不必戴帽子了。(b)continue to rent or be the owner of(a house,fiat,etc.) 继续租用或领有(房屋、寓所等)。

例如:We’re planning to keep the cottage on over the summer. 我们打算夏天继续租那座别墅。

keep on(at sb.)(about sb./sth.)意思是continue talking(to sb.)in an irritating way(about sb./sth.)(向某人)唠叨。 例如:He does keep on so!他就是这样爱唠叨!

I will mend the lamp just don’t keep on at me about it!

我一定修这个灯,别再跟我唠叨这件事了。

40.accustomed.used

be used to与be accustomed to的区别:

前者一般用于指自然而然地成为习惯,后者常常用于指通过努力而成为习惯。

试比较:

I am used to teaching English. 我对教英语已习惯了。

Mrs Smith was not accustomed to leaving home during the winter.

史密斯夫人不习惯冬天出门。

I am accustomed to taking coffee. 我习惯了喝咖啡o

41.get across

get(sth.)across(to sb.)的意思是“(使某事)传播或为人理解”。

例如:Your meaning didn’t really get across.你的意思别人并未真正理解。

He’s not very good at getting his ideas across.他不善于表达思想。

42.1eave behind

leave sb./sth.behind常见有以下用法:

(a) fail or forget to bring or take sb./sth.未能或忘记带某人[某物]。

例如:Wait,don’t leave me behind! 等等,别把我丢下!

It won’t rain;you can leave your umbrella behind.

不会下雨。你不必带伞了。

(b) 用于正式文体表示cause(signs of one’s actions,an event,etc.)to remain

留下(行为、事件等的痕迹)。

例如:a ruler who left behind a legacy of bitterness 使后人痛苦的统治者

The storm left a trail of destruction behind.

暴风雨过后留下满目疮痍的景象。

43.fake.false

fake可作名词,表示“赝品(如伪造的艺术品)”。

例如:That’s not a real diamond necklace,it’s just a fake!

那不是真钻石项链,是假的!也可以指“骗子;冒充者”。

例如:He looked like a postman but he was really a fake.

他看上去像个邮递员,但实际上是假冒的。

fake做形容词意思是“假的;伪造的”。

例如:fake furs,jewellery,etc. 假的毛皮、珠宝等

a fake policeman 假冒的

false做形容词有以下意思:

(1)错误的;不正确的。

例如:sing a false note 唱错音符

A whale is a fish.True or false? 鲸是一种鱼。对还是错?

(2)(a)假的;人造的。

例如:false hair,teeth,etc.假发、假牙等

(b)冒充的,假装的。

例如:false modesty 假谦虚 false tears 虚伪的眼泪

(c) 通常作定语,表示“引起误会的;与外观不符的”。

例如:a false sense of security 虚假的安全感

false economy 不合算的节约

give a false impression of great wealth给人造成很富有的假像

hounds following a false scent 沿着误入歧途的臭迹追踪的猎狗

(d)弄虚作假的;伪造的。

例如:false weights,scales,dice,etc.假的砝码、天平、色子等

a false passport假护照

a false bottom (the disguisedbottom of a suitcase)etc.concealing a secret compartment(手提箱等秘密藏物用的)假底

(3)有意欺骗的;不诚实的;虚妄的。

例如:false evidence伪证present false claims to all insurance company

向保险公司提出伪造的索赔要求

(4)false(to sb.)不忠实的;无信义的。

例如:a false friend/lover不忠实的朋友[情人]

(5)作定语表示“命名不准确的”。

例如:the false acacia 刺槐(非真正的金合欢树)

44.admit

admit用作动词,常见有以下用法:

(1)admit sb./sth.(into/to sth.)意思是:

(a)allow sb./stll.to enter许可某人[某物]进人。

例如:That man is not to be admitted.不准那个人进来。

Each ticket admits two people to the party.每票供两人入场参加聚会。The small window admitted very little light.那小窗户只透进一点光线。(b)accept sb.into a hospital as a patient,or into a school,etc.

接受某人(入院或入学等)。

例如:The school admits sixty new boys and girls every year.

这所学校每年招收六十名男女新生。

He was admitted to hospital with minor bums.他因轻度烧伤而入院。

(2)意思是(of an enclosed space)have room for(sb./sth.)

(指一范围内)可容纳(某人[某事物])。

例如:The theatre admits only 250 people.这家戏院只能容250人。

(3)admit to sth./doing sth.意思是recognize or acknowledge sth as true,often reluctantly;confess sth

承认, 供认,招认(常为不情愿地);坦白某事物。

例如:George would never admit to being wrong.乔治从不认错。

The prisoner has admitted his guilt.犯人认罪了。

I admit my mistake/that I was wrong.我承认是我的错[我错了]。

I admit(that)you have a point. 我承认你有理。

He admitted having stolen the car. 他招认偷了那辆汽车。

It is now generally admitted to have been(Most people agree and accept that it was)a mistake. 如今人们公认这是个错误。

(4)用于正式文体admit of sth.意思是allow the possibility of sth.;leave room for sth. 容许某事物;对某事物留有余地。

例如:His conduct admits of no excuse. 他的行为无可宽恕。

The plan does not admit of improvement.(cannot be improved).

这项计划已无改进余地了(已尽善尽美)。

(5)用于习语be admitted to sb.’s presence意思是:

be allowed to enter the room,etc.where sb.(esp.sb.important)is.

获准会见某人(尤指要人)。

45.1eave alone

leave sb./sth.alone也可以说成let sb./sth.alone意思是:

not disturb or interfere with sb./sth.不打扰或不干预某人[某事物]。

例如:Leave me alone!Go away! 别打扰我! 走开!

I’ve told you to leave my things alone.我已告诉过你不要动我的东西。

46.have an eye for.

have an eye for sth.意思是:

to be good at noticing a particular type ofthing 即“善于发现”。

例如:She has an eye for detail. 她善于发现细节。

47.in want of…

in want of…指“需要……”。want作名词有以下用法:

(1)通常作复数表示

(a)欲望,需要。例如:He is a man offew wants.他是个没什么欲望的人。

This book meets a long·felt want,(has been needed for a long time).

这本书满足了盼望已久的需要(长久以来就需要有这样的书)。

(b)想要的事物。例如:All their wants were provided by tIIeir host.

他们得到主人应有尽有的照顾。

(2)作不可数名词用于want bf sth.表示(某事物的)缺乏或不足。

例如:The refugees are suffering for want of food and medical supplies.

难民苦于缺少食物和医药用品。

The plants died from want of water.这些植物因缺水而枯死了。

She decided to accept the offer for want of anything better.

她决定接受这一提议,因为没有更好一些的。

She couldn’t find anywhere to live,though not for want of trying,(not because she hadn’t tried).她找不到个住处。倒是找过不少。

(3)作不可数名词表示“贫穷;匮乏;贫困”。

例如:live in want 生活在贫困中

Their health had suffered from years of want.他们长年贫困影响身体健康。

(4)用于习语in want of sth.;需要某事物。

例如:The house is in want of repair.这所房子该修了。

48.have known sb.do sth. I

know的后面不能接不定式,但可接带连接副词或连接代词的不定式结构。

例如:I don’t know what to do about it.我不知道这事该怎么办。

know的宾语可以跟不定式构成复合宾语;know的现在时后面只跟to be。

例如:I know him to be a foo1.我知道他是个傻瓜。过去时和完成时可用其他动词的不定式,这时动词不定式常省略to,但也可以用带to的不定式。

例如:Have you ever known her(to)lose her temper? 你可曾知道她发过脾气吗?如果know用于被动语态,这时不定式要带to。

例如:He’s known to be honest. 他以诚实而著称。

49.contrary,opposite

contrary相反的;相对的,指对某一固定的事物而言,另一事物朝相反方向发展、运动,它们之间不可能调和。

例如:The boy was swimming in a direction contrary to the current.

那男孩正在水中游泳,逆流而上。

I do not agree;I hold a contrary opinion.我不同意,我持相反意见。The decision was contrary to my wishes.这一决定与我的愿望相违。

Contrary to popular belief,he is an able politician.

与众人的看法相反,他恰恰是一位有才干的政治家。

Things turned out contrary to what we had expected.事与愿违。

opposite相反的;对立的;多形容抽象事物。如:条件、观点、力量等,以强调它们之间的对比反差。

例如:He went in the opposite direction from us.他朝我们完全相反方向走去。His political position is opposite to ours.其政治立场与我们的相对立。The two houses are on opposite sides of the street.

两栋房子在那街道的对面两侧。

The condition opposite to cold is heat. 冷的对立面是热。

50.come across

come across主要有以下用法:

(a) 被理解;被传达。

例如:He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not really come across.

他讲了很长时间,但他的意思没有人真正理解。

(b) 使人产生某种印象。

例如:She comes across well/badly in interviews.

她在面试中给人留下很好的[很坏的]印象。

He comes across as sympathetic/a sympathetic person.

他给人以有同情心的印象。

come across sb./sth.的意思是meet or find sb./sth.by chance

偶然遇见或发现某人[某事物];碰见。

例如:I came across an old school friend in Oxford Street this morning.

今天早上我在牛津大街碰见一位老校友。

She came across some old photographs in a drawer.

她在抽屉里偶然发现一些旧照片。

51.mistake,error,fault,wrong

mistake:错误、误会、误解等,着重强调判断、理解及考虑不周造成的错误。

例如:One who never made mistakes never made anything.

未曾出错也就是一事无成。

error:特指文字、文件不符合标准,也指行为偏离出轨。

例如:This is an error among children.这是孩子的通病。

(当你发现你刚发出的e-mail中有一些拼写或语法上的错误时,你可以再发一封名为“error”的e-mail进行补救)。

fault:指人性格上的弱点或行动上的过失,往往强调其应负的责任。

用于物时指瑕疵、毛病。

wrong:用作形容词或副词较多见,指错误的,不正确的或道义上不好的。

52.regardless

regardless用作副词,常用于口语,意思是paying no attention to sb./sth.,即“不加理会;不顾”。

例如:I protested,but she carried on regardless.

我极力反对。但她置之不理仍一意孤行。

它的后面常接介词0f构成regardless of,这就是成了复合介词,意思是paying no attention to(sb./sth.);heedless of,即“不理会(某人[某事物]);不顾”。

例如:regardless of the consequences,danger,expense 不顾后果、危险、代价

He continued speaking,regardless of my feelings on the matter.

他不顾及我在此事上的感情继续往下说。

53.take chances

take chances的意思是“冒险”。

例如:You should never take chances when driving a car.开车时决不应冒险。

take one’s chance的意思是“从自己的机遇中尽量取得利益”。

54.the more(1ess)…,the better…

这种结构用于表示与另一事物在数量或程度方面以相同的比例增加[减少]。

例如:The more she thought about it,the more depressed she became.

她越想越别扭。

The more beautiful the hat,the more expensive it usually is.

帽子越好看,一般来说价钱就越贵。

I want you out of here,and the sooner the better.你给我走开。越快越好。

The less said about the whole affair,the happier I'll be.

对整件事谈得越少我越高兴。

55.contribute

contribute用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1) contribute(sth.)(to/towards sth.)意思是:

give one’s share of(money,help,advice,etc.)to help a joint cause

出(钱、力、主意等);捐助;捐赠;贡献。

例如:contribute(ten pounds)to a charity collection捐献(10镑)给慈善事业contribute aid for refugees 向难民提供援助

Everyone should contribute what he or she call afford.

人人都应该尽自己的能力作贡献。

The chairman encourages everyone to contribute to(i.e.take part

in)the discussion. 鼓励大家参与讨论。

(2) contribute to sth.意思是increase sth.;add to sth.

增加某事物;添加到某事物中。

例如:Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的著作极有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。

(3) contribute to sth.意思是help to cause sth.促成某事物。

例如:Does smoking contribute to lung cancer? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗?

(4)contribute (sth.)to sth.意思是write(articles,etc.)for a publication

撰稿;投(稿)。

例如:She has contributed(several poems)to literary magazines.

她给文学刊物投了(几首诗)稿。

56.be concerned about…

concerned是形容词,用于concerned(about/for

sth./that...)意思是worried;troubled,即“担心的;烦恼的;忧虑的”。

例如:Concerned parents held a meeting.忧心忡忡的家长们开了一次会。

We’re all concerned for her safety.我们都为她的安全担忧。

I’m concerned that they may have got lost.我担心他们可能迷路了。

57.put an end to…

put an end to sth.也可以说put a stop to sth.意思是stop sth.from happening any more;abolish sth.即“终止或废止某事物”。

例如:The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.

决心遏止恐怖主义活动。

58.1ay off

lay off(sb.)常用于口语,表示不再做打扰人、讨人厌等的事。

例如:Lay off!You’re messing up my hair! 住手!你把我的头发都弄乱了!

Lay off him!Can’t you see he’s badly hurt? 别碰他!你没看见他伤得很厉害吗?

lay off(sth.) 则表示不再做有害的事情或使用有害的东西等。

例如:I’ve smoked cigarettes for years.But now I’m going to lay off(them).

我抽烟很多年了,现在打算戒了。

You must lay off alcohol for a while.在一段时期内你必须禁酒。

lay sb.off还可以表示解雇(工人)(通常为短期)。

例如:They were laid off because of the lack of new orders.

由于没有新的定货,他们遭暂时解雇。

59.make ends meet

make(both)ends meet意为earn enough money to live without getting into debt,即“使收支相抵”。

例如:Being out of work and having two young children,they found it impossible to make ends meet. 他们失了业,还要养活两个小孩,无法维持起码的生活。

I’ve taken a second job in the evenings just to make ends meet.

我找了份晚上的第二职业,以便收支平衡。

60.thanks to…

thanks to sb./sth.的意思是because of sb./sth.,即“因为某人[某事物]”。例如:The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast.

由于全体演员的出色表演,那出戏才获得成功。

61.enough,adequate

enough“足够的;充足的”。指数量充足,能满足需要,甚至能充分满足需要与愿望。例如:The child doesn’t drink enough milk.这孩子牛奶喝得不够。

We have enough seats for everyone.我们这里人人能有座位。

The fact that he did so much is proof enough.

他做了许多工作,这事实就足以说明问题。

A growing boy never has enough time to play.

正在成长的孩子总是没有充足的时间去玩。

Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water.除了罕有的暴雨后一两天内这里的水总是不够。(无法充分满足要求)

adequate“恰当的,足够的”。文体较正式,意思是可满足某特定条件的要求,或刚刚达到某种最基本的要求。用于人时表示具备了起码的条件与素质。

例如:We took adequate food for the short holiday.

我们带够了渡过一短暂假日的食品。

We had adequate food but none to waste.我们的食品足以应付,但不能浪费。Our hotel room was not luxurious,but it was adequate.

我们旅馆的房间并不豪华,但很适用。

The performance was adequate,though hardly exciting.

演出虽不精彩,却也过得去。

His knowledge of French was adequate for the job,although he was not fluent in the language. 他的法语虽不流利,却足以应付这项工作。

62.be caught

be caught…表示陷入困境。

例如:He was caught in the rain. 他遇上了一场大雨。

I was caught in the traffic,otherwise I would have arrived on time.

我遇到堵车了,要不我会准时到的。

63.despite

despite是介词,它的意思是without being affected by(the factors mentioned)尽管;不管;不顾。

例如:They had a wonderful holiday,despite the bad weather.

尽管天气不好,他们的假日还是过得极为愉快。

Despite wanting to see him again,she refused to reply to his letters.

她尽管很想再见到他,但却不愿给他回信。

Despite what others say,I think he’s a very nice chap.

不管别人怎么说,我仍认为他这个人很好。它常常和in spite of…交换使用。

.attend to…

attend to sb./sth.是短语动词,意思是deal with something or help someone,即“处理,料理”。

例如:Doctors tried to attend to the worst injured soldiers first.

医生设法首先处理伤得最重的士兵。

I always have so many things to attend to when I come into the office after a trip abroad. 我出国旅行回来进入办公室,总有那么多事情要处理。

65.worth,worthy

worth是形容词,意思是“值得,有……价值”。

例如:How much is the house worth? 这栋房子值多少钱?

The diamond ring is worth 2000 yuan.这枚钻戒值2000元。

它的搭配是be worth doing值得。

例如:The film is worth seeing. 这部影片值得看。

His suggestion is worth considering. 他的建议很值得考虑。

它也作不可数名词,意思是“价值”。

例如:The stamp is of little worth.这枚邮票不值钱。

worthy也是形容词,它的主要用法是:

(1)(不置于名词之前)值得的,应受的,配得上的:worthy of sth.

例如:He is not worthy of praise. 他不值得称赞。

Worthy to do sth.

例如:He is not worthy to be chosen. 他不配入选。

(2)(置于名词之前)有价值的,相配的,了不起的。

66.burden

burden可用作可数名词和不可数名词,“负担,责任”:它的搭配是burden to sb.

例如:The boy is a burden to the family. 那个男孩是家里的一个负担。

burden也可用作动词,意思是“加上负担”,它的搭配是:burden sb.with sth.

例如:I don’t mean to burden you with all my problems.

我不想把我所有的问题加在你的身上。

67.fix one’s eyes on/upon…

此处fix的意思是“(把目光)指向,(把注意力)集中”。

例如:Millions of eyes were fixed on HongKong on July 1,1997.

1997年7月1日这天,受到亿万人的瞩目。

68.1et down

let sb.down的意思是disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do 即“令……失望”。

例如:You will be there tomorrow—you won’t let me down,will you?

你明天回来的,你不会让我失望的,是吗?

When I was sent to prison.I really felt I had let my parents down.

当我被送进监狱的时候,我觉得我真的让我的父母失望了。

69.approve

approve用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1) approve(of sb./sth.)意思是say,show or feel that sth.is good or

acceptable or satisfactory,即“赞成;认可;满意;同意”。

例如:She doesn’t want to take her new boy friend home in case her parents don’t approve(of him). 她不愿把新男朋友带回家,怕父母看不中(他)。

I approve of your trying to earn some money,but please don’t neglect your studies. 我同意你去挣一些钱,可是请不要误了功课。

(2)用作及物动词,意思是confirm(sth.);accept即“批准(某事物);通过”。

例如:The minutes of the last meeting were approved.上次会议记录已获得通过。The auditors approved the company’s accounts.审计员核准了公司的帐目。

70.at length

at length的意思是“经过长时间之后,终于”。

例如:At length,she stopped writing and looked up.

最后,她停住了笔,抬头往上看。

71.embarrass

embarrass是动词,多用于被动语态。

(a) make(sb.)to feel awkward or ashamed使(某人)觉得不自然、尴尬或害羞。

例如:I was embarrassed by his comments about my clothes.

他对我的衣服的评论使我很尴尬。

Are you trying to embarrass me? 你是想让我难堪吗?

(b) cause mental discomfort or anxiety to(sb.)使(某人)不安或焦虑。

例如:embarrassed by lack of money因缺钱而苦恼financially embarrassed拮据

72.stick with…

stick with sb./sth.“继续支持某人[某事物];保持与某人[某事物]的联系”。

例如:I’m sticking with my original idea.我坚持我原来的主张。

Stick with me and you’11 be all right.有事你来找我就没问题了。

73.through thick and thin

through thick and thin的意思是“不顾艰难”。

例如:He remained loyal to me through thick and thin.他历尽艰辛始终忠实于我。

74.suspect,doubt

doubt,suspect两个词都可作“怀疑”解。doubt比suspect普通,运用范围也更广,既可以表示比较有根据的“怀疑”,也可以表示缺乏根据的“猜疑”。

例如:The captain doubted whether the leaking ship would reach land.

船长怀疑这艘漏船是否能抵达陆地。

He had the courage to doubt,where all the others piously believed.

对所有其他人都笃信不疑之处,他却有勇气怀疑。

但doubt多侧重表示对某事物缺乏信心,没有把握等。含怀疑其无之义。

例如:Maybe he changed his mind,but I doubt it.

也许他改变了主意,但我对此表示怀疑。

I do not doubt that he means well. 我相信他的用意是好的。

doubt可带有宗教色彩,表示人们对某信仰或教义的信仰程度,suspect无此义。例如:He never doubts God’s existence. 他从不怀疑上帝的存在。

suspect的语气比doubt强得多,对“怀疑”的肯定意味较多,含怀疑其有之义。

例如:The policeman suspected the thief of lying. 怀疑窃贼在说谎。

The judge suspected the truth of the defendant’s alibi.

法官怀疑被告不在犯罪现场的真实性。

There is reason to suspect that the death occurred between 6:30 and 7:00.

有理由怀疑死亡是发生在6时30分到7时之间。

75.for the sake of…

for the sake of sb./sth.也可以说for sb.'s/sth.’s sake,意思是“为了某人[某事物](起见)”。

例如:do sth.for the sake of one's family 为家庭做某事;

I’11 help you for your sister's sake. 看在你姐姐面上,我来帮你。

for the sake of sth./doing sth.意思是“为获得或保持某事物”。

例如:We made concessions for the sake of peace.为了和平我们做出了让步。

She argues for the sake of arguing,because she likes arguing.

她因为好辩而与人争论。

Let’s not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds.

咱们不要为了几英镑而把工作弄糟。

76.in reality

in reality的意思是“事实上;实际上”。

例如:The house looks very old,but in reality it’s quite new.

这房子看起来很旧,实际上很新。

77.Keep an eye on…

keep an eye on sb./sth.的意思是make sure that sb./sth.is safe,etc.;look after sb./sth. 照料某人[某事物]。

例如:Keep an eye on the baby. 照看一下这个婴儿。

Could you keep an eye on my suitcase for a moment?

你能给我照管一会儿手提箱吗?

78.take into account…

take sth.into account也可以说take account of sth.“计及;斟酌;体谅;考虑”。例如:When judging his performance,don’t take his age into account.

评定他的表现时,不必考虑他的年龄。

79.Live up to…

live up to sth.的意思是“不辜负,符合”。

例如:Did the trip live up to your expectations? 这次旅行达到了你的期望吗?

He’s striving to live up to his reputation as a world class athlete.

他努力无愧于世界一流运动员的声誉。

80.decline,refuse,reject

decline可用作及物动词,它的意思是“拒绝,婉拒”。我们可以用decline sth.

例如:He declined my invitation.他拒绝了我的邀请。也可以用decline to do sth.

例如:He declined to answer those questions.他拒绝回答那些问题。

它用作不及物动词的意思是“衰落,减弱”。

注意:refuse,decline和reject这组词都表示“拒绝”的意思,但它们从用法到意思都有区别。

refuse是用得最多的一个词,它可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。作及物动词时,后面常跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词,不能跟that+从句作宾语。

decline表示“有礼貌地谢绝”后面可以加名词,动词不定式和动名词。

reject 比refuse更加强烈,指“肯定地,正式地拒绝”,后面接sb.或sth.。

例如:He asked me to give him another loan,but I refused.

他想要我再借点钱给他,但我没有答应。

He declined an invitation to a dinner party. 他婉拒了这个晚宴的邀请。

She rejected his marriage proposal. 她拒绝了他的求婚。 81.aspect,way

aspect用作名词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)作可数名词,表示particular part or feature of sth.being considered方面。例如:look at every aspect of the problem看这问题的各个方面

(2)正式文体,用于单数表示(esp.of people)appearance or look(尤指人)样子,容貌,神态:a man of enormous size and terrifying aspect面目狰狞的彪形大汉

(3)用作可数名词,通常作单数表示side of a building that faces a particular direction(建筑物的)方向,方位。

例如:The house has a southern aspect.这所房子朝南。

(4)用作可数名词,表示(in astrology)relative position of stars and planets,

thought to influence events on earth 星位(占星术中恒星与行星间的相对位置,认为可影响人间事物)。

82.obtain

obtain用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1) obtain sth.(for sb.)意思是get sth.;come to own or possess sth.(by

buying,borrowing,taking,etc.)取得某物;(经买、借、拿等)获得,得到某物。

例如:Where can I obtain a copy of her latest book?

在哪里能买到她最新出版的书?

He always manages to obtain what he wants.他总是有办法得到他要的东西。 I obtained the record for you with difficulty.

我好不容易为你弄到了那张唱片。

(2) 它可以作不及物动词,用于正式文体,意思是(of rules,customs,etc.)be in

use;exist(指规则、风俗等)通行,流行。

例如:The practice still obtains in some areas of England.

这种做法在英格兰一些地区仍很流行。

83.(to)begin with...

begin(sth.)with(sth.)的意思是“以……作为开始”。

例如:There were six of us to begin with and then two left.

开始的时候我们是六个人,后来两个离开了。

The articles say begins with a section on religion.

文章以宗教部分作为开始。

84.result in…

result in sth.的意思是“结果是”。

例如:Last year in the Philippines earthquakes and tidal waves resulted in the

deaths of more than 6000 people.

去年菲律宾的地震和海啸结果造成超过6000人死亡。

85.evident,clear,apparent,obvious

clear强调的是事物本身清楚明白,不会引起误解。

例如:a sharp and clear proof一个不容抵赖、清楚明白的证据

The print on the page is large,clear,and easy to read.

这页纸上的印刷字体大而清晰,很容易读。

She seems to be very clear about her plans.看来她对自己的计划十分清楚。It is important to make clear your wishes about the funeral.

说清你对葬礼的要求是很重要的。

evident“明显的;显而易见的”,由evidence(证据)而来,指有明显迹象证明显而易见的事实。有时可与apparent和obvious相互换用,多用于由事实、证据、经验而得出的推断。

例如:It is evident that you have been drinking. 显然你一直在喝酒。

Her evident unhappiness made us unhappy.

她明显的郁郁寡欢的样子使我们也很扫兴。

He signed his name with evident satisfaction.

他带着明显满意的神情签上了自己的名字。

The applause made it evident the play was a hit.

热烈的掌声清楚地表明这个剧深受观众喜爱。

apparent“明显的;貌似的”,evident指直接从各种迹象中得出推断。而apparent

则更强调将各种迹象分析归纳后再推断。

另外,apparent还可指表面如此,事实并非如此。

例如:Her love for the child was apparent(evident).她对那孩子的爱,显而易见。As experience accumulated,it gradually became apparent that the oil of any of the trees were equally efficacious. 经过不断地积累经验,人们逐渐认清从任何这类树木上取出的油均具有同样功效。

It is quite apparent to all of us that you have not done your work properly. 你没有把工作做好,这点我们大家都看得很清楚。

The apparent cause of his failure to pass the examination was illness,but the real cause was lack of knowledge.

他考试不及格的表面原 因是生病,但实际原因是对所学的知识掌握不好。

obvious“显然的;明显的”,指极为明显、有目共睹、有心共鉴的事情。因此不需说明和论证。

例如:His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing up.

他站着就睡着了,显然是精疲力竭。

It is obvious that there are different types of knowledge.

很明显有不同类型的知识。

86.convince

convince用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)convince sb(of sth.),意思是make sb.feel certain;cause sb.to

realize,即“使某人确信;使某人明白”。

例如:How can I convince you(of her honesty)?

我怎样才能使你相信(她很诚实)呢?

What she said convinced me that I was mistaken.

她的一番话使我认识到我错了。

I was convinced(sure)I saw you there,but it must have been someone else.

我原以为看见你在那里,但一定是看错了人。

(2)主要用于美国英语,意思是persuade即“说服”。

例如:What convinced you to vote for them? 究竟是什么使得你愿意投他们的票?

87.assume

assume用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)accept(sth)as true before there is proof 假定;假设;设想;以为。

例如:We cannot assume anything in this case.在这种情形下我们无法作任何揣测。I am assuming that the present situation is going to continue.

我认为目前的情况将会继续下去。

We must assume him to be innocent until he is proved guilty.

尚未证实他有罪,就得假定他是清白的。

We can all leave together assuming(that)the others aren’t late.

我们大家可以一起走,假如其他人不耽搁的话。

(2)put on or display(sth.)falsely;pretend装作;装出;假装。

例如:assume ignorance,indifference,an air of concern,etc.

假装不知情,装作不在乎,假意关心等。

例如:The look of innocence she assumed had us all fooled.

她装出清白无辜的样子把我们都愚弄了。

(3) begin to act in or exercise(sth.);undertake;take on

开始从事;承担;担任。

例如:assume office就职He assumes his new responsibilities next month.

他下月承担新任务。

The problem is beginning to assume massive proportions,i.e.become very great. 问题越来越大了。

88.cancel

cancel用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)say that(sth.already arranged and decided upon)will not be done or

take place;call off取消;废除。

例如:cancel a holiday,concert,meeting,e.g.because of illness

取消假日[音乐会议](如因病)The match had to be cancelled because of bad

weather.比赛因天气不好只得取消。

(2)order(sth.)to be stopped;make(sth.)invalid

命令(某事物)停止;使(某事物)作废。

例如:cancel an agreement,a contact,a subscription,etc.取消协议、合同、预订单等He cancelled his order,i.e.said he no longer wanted to receive the goods he had ordered.他撤销了订货单。

(3)cross out(sth.written)删除(所写的内容):

Cancel that last sentence. 把最后一句删掉。

(4) mark(a postage stamp or ticket)to prevent further use

注销,盖销(邮票或其他票证以防再用)

(5)在数学中意思是remove(a common factor)from the numerator and denomina—

tor of a fraction,or from both sides of an equation,USU.by

crossing it out约去,消去(分数分子和分母的公因数或方程式两端的相等部分)

(6)短语动词cancel(sth.)out意思是be equal(to sth.)in force and effect;counterbalance(sth.)抵销;对销:These arguments cancel(each other)out.

不同的争论(彼此)势均力敌。Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper.她人厚道慷慨大方,倒也弥补了她偶尔的坏脾气。

.stay,remain

stay和remain意思相近。stay的意思是在某地呆一段时间,而不离开。

例如:They stayed to see the end of the game.他们一直呆到比赛结束。

remain常用来表示当其他的人或物已不在原地时,某人或某物还在原地。

例如:Only the walls remained after the fire.那场大火后只剩下了墙壁。

stay和remain都可以作系动词用,表示某人或某物处于不变的状态之中。

在stay后面可用形容词。

例如:You can’t expect to stay young.你不能指望老那么年轻。

而在remain的后面,可以用形容词,也可以用名词,分词等。

例如:How can we remain silent on this question?

对这个问题我们怎么能保持沉默?

This remains a serious problem. 这仍然是一个严重的问题。

She remained standing for a good hour. 他足足站了一个钟头。

90.apart

apart用作副词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1) to or at a distance相距;相隔。

例如:The two houses stood 500 metres apart. 这两所房子相距500米。

The employers and the unions are still miles apart,i.e.are far from agreement.雇主与工会之间仍有很大距离(远不能取得一致意见)。

(2) to or on one side;aside向一边;在一边。

例如:She keeps herself apart from(i.e.does not mix with)other people.

她与别人保持距离(不与男人混在一起)。

(3)separate(1y)分开;分离。

例如:You never see them apart these days. 他们近来形影不离。

He was standing with his feet wide apart.

他站在那儿,两脚分开的距离很大。

These pages are stuck together I can’t pull them apart.

这几页都粘在一起了,我揭不开。

(4)into pieces成碎片。

例如:I’m sorry,the cup just came/fell apart in my hands.

很抱歉,这个杯子竟在我手上碎了。

(5) 用于习语put/set sb./sth.apart(from sb./sth.)意思是make sb./

sth.appear superior or unique,即“使某人[某事物]显得优越或独特”。

例如:His use of language sets him apart from most other modern writers.

他对语言的运用在现代作家中别具一格。

take sb./sth.aart意思是criticize sb./sth.severely批评某人某事物。例如:He took my essay apart but I found his criticism helpful.

他把我的文章狠狠地批评了一顿,但我认为他的批评有好处。

take sth.apart还可以作separate sth.into pieces拆开某物。

例如:John enjoys taking old clocks apart.约翰喜欢拆卸旧钟。

tell/know A and B apart的意思是distinguish two people or things;recognize the difference between two people or things,即“能分辨两个人或两种事物;(能看出两个人或两种事物之间的区别)”。

91.come to light

come to light也可以说bring sth.to light意思是“显露;为人所知”。

例如:Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn’tin fact commit the murder.新证据表明事实上不是他做的谋杀案。

New evidence has recently come to light. 新证据最近才为人知。

92.make a difference

make a/no/some,etc.difference(to sb./sth.)有如下用法:

(a)(对某人[某事物])有、没有、有些……作用或影响。

例如:The rain didn’t make much difference(to the game).

这场雨(对比赛)没多大影响。

The sea air has made a difference to(i.e.improved)her health.

海上空气改善了她的健康状况。

A hot bath makes all the difference(i.e.makes you feel better)in the morning.

上午洗个热水澡能让人精神振奋。

(b)(对某人[某事物])重要、不重要等;要紧、不要紧等。

例如:It makes no difference(to me)what you say,I'm not going.

不管你怎么说(对我来说)都无所谓,反正我不去。

It won’t make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.

你今天去也好,明天去也好,关系不大。

Does that make any difference?i.e.Is it important,need we consider it?那要紧吗?

Yes,it makes all the difference. 是的,非常重要。 ,

93.fit in with…

fit in with …的意思是“与……相适应,与……协调”。

例如:His ideas didn’t quite fit in with our aims.他的想法不适应我们的目标。I’11 try to fit my holidays with yours. 我要努力使我的假期跟你的相协调。

94.acknowledge,admit

acknowledge用作动词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)accept the truth of(sth.);admit(sth.)承认(某事物)属实;供认(某事物):acknowledge the need for reform 承认改革的需要 a generally acknowledged fact 公认的事实

He acknowledged it to be true/that it was true. 他供认那是事实。 They refused to acknowledge defeat/that they were defeated/themselves beaten. 他们拒不承认失败。

(2)report that one has received(sth.) 告知已收到(某物) 例如:acknowledge(receipt of)a letter 告知已收到一封信

(3)express thanks for(sth.) 为(某事)表示感谢。

例如:acknowledge help对相助表示感谢His services to the country were never officially acknowledged. 他对国家所作的贡献从未受到过正式的表彰。

(4)show that one has noticed or recognized(sb.)by a smile,nod of the head greeting,etc. 以微笑,点头,打招呼等表示注意到或认出(某人)。

例如:I was standing right next to her,but she didn’t even acknowledge me/my presence. 我就站在她旁边,可是她连个招呼都不跟我打。

(5)(a)acknowledge sb.(as sth.)意思是accept sb.(as sth.)承认某人(为某事)。例如:Stephen acknowledged Henry as(i.e.recognized his claim to be)his heir.

斯蒂芬接受亨利为他的继承人。

He was generally acknowledged to be the finest poet in the land.

他是公认的全国最优秀的诗人。

(b)accept or recognize(sth.)接受或承认(某事物)。

例如:The country acknowledged his claim tothe throne.全国人民确认他的王权。

admit与acknowledge的含义较接近,但强调的是虽不愿意却又不得不承认某一事实,承认的原因可能是由于外界的压力,也可能是出于理智的考虑。

例如:At last,the government of that country admitted its mistake.

最终。该国承认了错误。

They had to admit that. 他们不得不承认那一点。

admit在作及物动词时,其句法也与acknowledge相似。其后可接名词或动名词作宾语;也可接宾语加补语的复合结构,但补语常常是不定式短语或分词;还可接that

一分句作宾语。

例如:The soldiers refused to admit defeat.士兵不肯承认失败。

The thief had to admit stealing the gold watch.小偷只得承认偷了金表。We must admit the work to be difficult.我们必须承认这项工作是难的。He finally admitted himself beaten. 他终于承认自己被打败了。

I admit that the work is difficult. 我承认这项工作是难的。

admit有时用在插入语中,此时,虽“承认”,但语气较弱。

例如:What he said at the meeting,I admit,is quite true.

我承认,他在会上所说的确实是真的。

admit亦作不及物动词,与介词to搭配,表示“承认”某一事实。

例如:I have to admit to a dislike for modern music.

我得承认我不喜欢现代音乐。

The young man admitted to stealing the car.这年轻人承认偷汽车这件事。

95.due

due用作形容词,主要用于下面几种情况:

(1)用作表语

(a)due(to sb.)意思是owed as a debt or an obligation应支付;应给予;欠下。

例如:Have they been paid the money due to them?他们是否已得到了应得的钱?

I'm still due fifteen days’holiday.我还应有十五天假期。

(b)due for sth.意思是owed sth.;deserving sth.应有;应得到。

例如:She’s due for promotion soon. 她不久就要晋升了。

(2)用作表语,意思是requiring immediate payment须立即支付;到期。

例如:fall/become due到期My rent isn’t due till Wednesday.

我的租金星期三才到期。

(3)用作表语,due(to do sth.)意思是scheduled;arranged;expected预定;约定;预期。

例如:His book is due to be published in October.他的书预定十月份出版。

The train is due(in)(i.e.scheduled to arrive)in five minutes.

火车预定在5分钟后到达。

(4)用作定语,意思是suitable;right;proper适当的;正当的;适宜的。

例如:after due consideration经适当考虑之后

With all due respect,I disagree completely.不揣冒昧,实不敢苟同。

(5)due to sth./sb.意思是caused by sb./sth.;because of sb./sth.

由某人[某事]引起的;由于某人[某事物]

例如:The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.

该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。

(6)用于习语in due course意思是at the appropriate time;eventually

在适当时机;最终。

例如:Your request will be dealt with in due course.

你的要求将在适当时机予以处理。

注意:有些说英语的人用due to一词很谨慎,仅将之用于动词之后。

例如:His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway.

他迟到是因高速公路上车辆过多所致。

但目前普遍认为可将due to看作是owing to的同义词,而owing to的用法与之有别,作状语时两者都用。

例如:He was late owing to/due to the very heavy traffic.

他迟到是因为交通拥挤。

Due to/Owing to the heavy traffic,he was late.因交通拥挤,他迟到了。

而通常只有due to可直接用于名词之后。

例如:Accidents due to driving at high speed were very common that weekend.

在那个周末因高速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。

96.assess

Asses…用作动词,主要用于下面三种情况:

(1) assess sth(at sth.),意思是decide or fix the amount of sth.

确定,评定(某数额)。

例如:assess sb.’s taxes/income 评定某人的税额[总收入]

assess the damage at~350 评定损害赔偿金为350英镑

(2) decide or estimate the value of(sth.);evaluate

确定,评定(某事物)的价值;估价

例如:have a house assessed by a valuer由估价者给房子估价。

(3) assess sth.or estimate the quality of sth.意思是估计,评定某事物的质量

例如:It’s difficult to assess the impact of the President’S speech.

总统讲话的巨大影响难以估量。

I assess your chances extremely low. 我估计你成功的机会极低。

97.hold back .

hold back(from sth.)的意思是“(因恐惧或不情愿而在言行上)退缩,踌躇”。

例如:She held back,not knowing how to break the terrible news.

她踌躇着,不知该怎样宣布这一坏消息。

She held back from telling him what she thought of him.

她要把自己对他的看法告诉他。但又觉得难以启齿。

hold sb.back的意思是to prevent sb.or sth from moving forward(or making progress)“阻止或妨碍某人的进步或发展”

例如:The police held back the protesters. 阻止反对者前进。

She felt that having children would hold her back.

她认为有小孩将会妨碍她的发展。

“阻止、阻挡、控制或某人[某事物]”。

例如:The police’s cordon was unable to hold back the crowd.

警方的警戒线阻挡不住人群。

hold sth.back有如下用法:

(a) 扣住、保留或抑制某事物。

例如:hold back information 不走漏消息

I think he’s holding something back,he knows more than he admits.

我认为他有所隐瞒,他知道的比他承认的要多。

(b)不表现或不流露(感情);抑制某事物。

例如:She just managed to hold back her anger.她总算抑制住了自己的愤怒情绪。He bravely held back his tears. 他强忍着不让眼泪流出来。

98.nevertheless

nevertheless通常用作副词,它的意思是in spite of this;however;still

即“虽然如此;然而;依然”。

例如:Though very intelligent,she is nevertheless rather modest.

她很聪明,倒也很谦虚。

There was no news;nevertheless we went on hoping.

尽管毫无消息,我们仍抱着希望。

He is often rude to me,but I like him nevertheless.

他时常对我粗鲁无礼,但我还很喜欢他。

也可以用作none the less,意思仍然是“尽管,如此;依然;然而”。

例如:It’s not cheap but I think we should buy it none the less.

这个虽然不便宜,但我觉得我们还是应该买。

99.include,contain

include是包括之意,多是指较抽象的包含和归属。比如,亚洲包括中国,并且多用其现在分词including来表示,并且including逐渐成为一个连词。

contain也有一部分是include的意思,但侧重有“容纳”的意思,多用于具体的包含。比如,箱子里装着什么东西等。

100.whereas

whereas用作连接词,主要用于:

(1)(尤用于法律)意思是taking into consideration the fact that,考虑到;鉴于。

(2)用于正式文体,意思是but in contrast;while,然而;而。

例如:He earns£8000 a year whereas she gets at least£20000.

他一年挣8000英镑,而她至少可获20000英镑。

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